Dairy Consumption During a High-intensity, High-volume Training Week in Young Athletes

Overview

Our proposed study is a 5-d double-blind randomised cross-over trial, seeking to simulate a training identification camp in competitive adolescent soccer players The purpose of the proposed study is to investigate whether increased protein consumption by Greek yogurt, compared to an isoenergetic carbohydrate (CHO) control supplement, consumed immediately following exercise training, prior to sleep and between breakfast and lunch, for a week during an intense training period (high volume, high intensity) will: – Attenuate the pro-inflammatory response (cytokines, acute phase proteins) – Reduced the severity of muscle damage and impairment (creatine kinase) – Maintain performance Secondary outcome measures: – Increase bone turnover (in favour of formation)

Study Type

• Study Type: Interventional
• Study Design
  • Allocation: Randomized
  • Intervention Model: Crossover Assignment
  • Primary Purpose: Other
  • Masking: Double (Participant, Investigator)
• Study Primary Completion Date: November 23, 2019

Detailed Description

The proposed study is a randomized, double-blinded, cross-over trial. The protocol will consist of an information session, two identical training camps consisting of 5 consecutive days of intensified soccer training, differing only by nutritional intervention, and identical pre-and post-training session testing. Each testing block will be separated by 28-d to allow for an adequate wash-out and recovery period, during which participants would resume their regular soccer activities Study Procedures: All tests and measurements will be performed within eight-weeks. Specifically, participants will attend 1 information session, two identical pre- and post- training/testing sessions and two identical soccer specific training camps. Information session: One week prior to the initial soccer specific training camp, participants will be informed of all tests and procedures that will take place and be familiarized with all testing protocols. Pre- and Post-training testing: All participants will be tested twice: on the day before (pre) and day following (post) the 5-d soccer specific training camp. Specifically, Participants, will arrive at the University for pre- and post-training testing in the morning at the same time. Body composition measurements will be performed (e.g., standing/seated height, mass, % body fat) followed by fasted venous blood and saliva sampling. A standardized breakfast would then be provided followed by an adequate rest and digest period before performance testing (~1.5h). Performance testing would include a battery of soccer specific tests that cover, power (counter-movement jump, broad jump), speed (10m and 20m sprint), agility (modified 5-0-5) and aerobic capacity (beep-test). During both pre-and-post-testing sessions participants would consume the same standardised breakfast and perform the same tests in the same order for consistency amongst trials which would be repeated between the two testing blocks. Soccer training: The simulated 5-d soccer-specific training will be structured to mimic a heavy-volume, high-intensity training camp. Training sessions would occur at the same time each day in the evening for consistency. Drills/exercises will be administered by a certified technical soccer coach and knowledgeable training staff. Each session will began with a 15 min dynamic warm-up followed by 90 min of soccer-specific training, ending with a 15 min cool-down. The 90 min of soccer-specific training will be performed at maximal effort and consist of agility, sprinting and plyometric exercises as well as ball-handling, small-sided games (rondo) and shooting. Following each training session rating of perceived exertion (RPE) will be measured as an indicator of internal load. Food/Drink supplement consumption: During the study, three servings of 160 g of 0% plain GY (~115 kcals, 17 g protein, ~11.5 g carbs, 0 fat), or 30 g of isoenergetic CHO (~115 kcal, 0.04 g protein, ~28.6 g carbs, 0 fat) will be provided to participants immediately following the training session, 1 h prior to bedtime, as well as one serving between breakfast and lunch on the subsequent day. The yogurt will be sweetened or flavored with a non-caloric vanilla flavouring to match the taste of the control supplement. The CHO control supplement group will be an isoenergetic dose of a maltodextrin-based semi-solid pudding. This product will be made from non-fat vanilla pudding powder (1 part), maltodextrin (4 parts) and water. This product has been designed to resemble the consistency and texture of Greek yogurt. Measurements Questionnaires: Participant Screening and Medical History, Training History, Food frequency Questionnaire (FFQ), sessional RPE. Anthropometric and body composition measurements: height, seated height, body mass and body fat percentage (%) using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA, InBody520; Biospace Co., Ltd., Seoul, S. Korea). Somatic maturity: maturity offset (years from the age of peak height velocity) will be calculated based on height, seated height and weight measurements. Exercise performance: will be examined prior to, as well as following each training intervention week. These tests are common in soccer and athletes are familiar with them. To limit confounding exercise influence on both biochemical and performance parameters, participants will be asked to refrain from other activities outside those prescribed to them during the training sessions and 48h prior to the initial pre-assessment visit. Venous blood and saliva samples: will be collected on 4 separate occasions (24h prior and 24h following the last training session of each training intervention week). To control for circadian rhythm, the exercise session and related blood and saliva samples will be conducted at the same time of day. Saliva samples will be used to examine endocrine response. Venous blood samples will be used to examine inflammatory markers (cytokines – IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α), c-reactive protein (CRP), IGF-I and indicators of muscle fatigue/damage (CK). Secondary measures may include irisin, oxidative stress (TBARS and ROS) and bone turnover by examining circulating markers of bone formation (PINP, Osteocalcin, BAP, OPG) and of bone resorption (CTX, TRAP, RANKL).

Interventions

• Other: Greek Yogurt
  • Female competitive soccer players (11-16y) will consume 0% plain Greek yogurt immediately following the training session, 1 h prior to bedtime, as well as one serving between breakfast and lunch on the subsequent day.
• Other: Isoenergetic carbohydrate
  • Female competitive soccer players (11-16y) will consume an isoenergetic carbohydrate supplement immediately following the training session, 1 h prior to bedtime, as well as one serving between breakfast and lunch on the subsequent day.

Arms, Groups and Cohorts

• Experimental: Greek Yogurt condition
  • 3x 160g of 0% Plain Greek yogurt (~115 kcals, 17 g protein, ~11.5 g carbs, 0 fat) consumed immediately following the training session, 1 h prior to bedtime, as well as one serving between breakfast and lunch on the subsequent day.
• Placebo Comparator: Isoenergetic condition – Carbohydrate
  • 3x 30g of isoenergetic CHO supplement (~115 kcal, 0.04 g protein, ~28.6 g carbs, 0 fat) consumed immediately following the training session, 1 h prior to bedtime, as well as one serving between breakfast and lunch on the subsequent day.

Clinical Trial Outcome Measures

Primary Measures

• Body mass (kg)
  • Time Frame: 8 weeks
  • Anthropometric measures
• Height (cm)
  • Time Frame: 8 weeks
  • Anthropometric measures
• Seated height (cm)
  • Time Frame: 8 weeks
  • Used to calculate maturity offset in years from peak height velocity
• Body fat (%)
  • Time Frame: 8 weeks
  • Body composition
• Rate of perceived exertion
  • Time Frame: 8 weeks
  • 1-10 scale of perceived exertion
• Serum concentrations of BAP (ng/ml)
  • Time Frame: 8 weeks
  • Bone formation marker
• Serum concentrations of PINP (ng/ml)
  • Time Frame: 8 weeks
  • Bone formation marker
• Serum concentrations of OPG (pg/ml)
  • Time Frame: 8 weeks
  • Bone formation marker
• Serum concentrations of CTX (ng/ml)
  • Time Frame: 8 weeks
  • Bone resorption marker
• Serum concentrations of TRAP (ng/ml)
  • Time Frame: 8 weeks
  • Bone resorption marker
• Serum concentrations of RANKL (pg/ml)
  • Time Frame: 8 weeks
  • Bone resorption marker
• Plasma concentrations of irisin (ng/ml)
  • Time Frame: 8 weeks
  • Plasma concentrations of pro-and-anti-inflammatory cytokines
• Plasma concentrations of IL-6 (pg/ml)
  • Time Frame: 8 weeks
  • Plasma concentrations of pro-and-anti-inflammatory cytokines
• Plasma concentrations of IL-10 (pg/ml)
  • Time Frame: 8 weeks
  • Plasma concentrations of pro-and-anti-inflammatory cytokines
• Plasma concentrations of TNF-alpha (pg/ml)
  • Time Frame: 8 weeks
  • Plasma concentrations of pro-and-anti-inflammatory cytokines
• Plasma concentrations of CRP (pg/ml)
  • Time Frame: 8 weeks
  • Plasma concentrations of pro-and-anti-inflammatory cytokines
• Plasma concentration of creatine kinase (U/L)
  • Time Frame: 8 weeks
  • Muscle damage

Secondary Measures

• Serum concentration of IGF-1 (pg/ml)
  • Time Frame: 8 weeks
  • Serum concentration of IGF-1
• Plasma concentration of TBARS
  • Time Frame: 8 weeks
  • Oxidative stress
• Plasma concentration of ROS
  • Time Frame: 8 weeks
  • Oxidative stress
• Saliva concentrations of cortisol (ug/dl)
  • Time Frame: 8 weeks
  • Endocrine response
• Saliva concentrations of testosterone (pg/ml)
  • Time Frame: 8 weeks
  • Endocrine response
• Oxidative stress
  • Time Frame: 8 weeks
  • Plasma concentrations of markers of oxidative stress

Participating in This Clinical Trial

Inclusion Criteria

• Participant are female within the desired age ranges (11-16y) – Participants are competitive soccer players – Previous participation in high-performance training environment (periodization) Exclusion Criteria:

• Participant is not female or falls outside of the desired age ranges (11-16y) – Chronic/frequent use of medications that could affect inflammatory function – NSAIDS or Corticosteroids. – Musculoskeletal injury – resulting in the inability to train and/or perform the baseline/post testing.

Gender Eligibility: All

Female adolescent competitive soccer players

Minimum Age: 11 Years

Maximum Age: 16 Years

Are Healthy Volunteers Accepted: Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Investigator Details

• Lead Sponsor
  • Brock University
• Provider of Information About this Clinical Study
  • Principal Investigator: PKlentrou, Professor and Associate Dean – Brock University
• Overall Official(s)
  • Panagiota Klentrou, PhD, Principal Investigator, Brock University

Citations Reporting on Results

McKinlay BJ, Wallace PJ, Olansky S, Woods S, Kurgan N, Roy BD, Josse AR, Falk B, Klentrou P. Intensified training in adolescent female athletes: a crossover study of Greek yogurt effects on indices of recovery. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2022 Mar 22;19(1):17-33. doi: 10.1080/15502783.2022.2044732. eCollection 2022.

Klentrou P, McKee K, McKinlay BJ, Kurgan N, Roy BD, Falk B. Circulating Levels of Bone Markers after Short-Term Intense Training with Increased Dairy Consumption in Adolescent Female Athletes. Children (Basel). 2021 Oct 25;8(11):961. doi: 10.3390/children8110961. Erratum In: Children (Basel). 2023 Jan 03;10(1):