Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, Obesity and Periodontal Disease

Overview

This study evaluated the periodontal condition of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) patients and a healthy non-pregnant control group. For the GDM group all medical data were recorded, including obesity/insulin resistance indicators.

Full Title of Study: “Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, Obesity and Periodontal Disease: a Cross Sectional Study”

Study Type

  • Study Type: Observational
  • Study Design
    • Time Perspective: Cross-Sectional
  • Study Primary Completion Date: September 2016

Detailed Description

Gestational diabetes mellitus is associated to a worse periodontal condition. Many patients with these two diseases are also obese. After delivery, some patients maintain the pre-pregnancy obesity status and this condition is also associated to periodontal disease. The mechanisms involved in the relationship of all these medical and periodontal conditions are not clear.

Interventions

  • Other: Gestational diabetes mellitus

Arms, Groups and Cohorts

  • GDM group
    • Gestational diabetes mellitus patients under treatment of an endocrinologist
  • Control
    • Healthy non-pregnant females

Clinical Trial Outcome Measures

Primary Measures

  • Periodontal disease (gingivitis and periodontitis) measured by a periodontal probe and classified according to severity
    • Time Frame: One day
    • Severe periodontitis was defined by the presence of ≥ 2 interproximal sites in different teeth with CAL ≥ 6mm and ≥1 interproximal site with PPD ≥5mm. Moderate periodontitis was defined by the presence of ≥ 2 interproximal sites in different teeth with CAL ≥ 4mm or ≥ 2 interproximal sites in different teeth with PPD ≥5mm. Mild periodontitis was defined as ≥ 2 interproximal sites in different teeth with ≥ 3 mm CAL and ≥ 2 interproximal sites in different teeth with ≥ 4 mm PPD or at least 1 site with PPD ≥ 5 mm (20,21). Gingivitis was determined as follows: Subjects were considered healthy if presented PPD ≤3mm/BOP extent scores < 10% and with gingivitis if presented PPD ≤3mm/ BOP extent scores >10%. Prevalence of periodontal disease was the sum of gingivitis, mild, moderate and severe periodontitis.
  • Obesity measured by a tape and a scale
    • Time Frame: one day
    • Obese if: body mass index – BMI ≥ 25 Kg/m2 (weight in kilograms, height in meters) Obese if : waist-to-hip ratio – WHR >0.85 (cm)
  • Gestational diabetes mellitus diagnosed by an endocrinologist
    • Time Frame: one day
    • Diagnosis stablished by a doctor based on glucose determination. The data was registered in the patient’s medical chart.

Secondary Measures

  • Dyslipidemia as an indicator of obesity/insulin resistance
    • Time Frame: one day
    • The data was registered in the patient’s medical chart. Dyslipidemia = HDL ≤ 35 mg/dL / LDL≥ 100 mg/dL / Total cholesterol ≥200 mg/dL / Triglycerides ≥ 150 mg/dL / VLDL < 30 mg/dL
  • Leukocytosis as an indicator of inflammation
    • Time Frame: one day
    • The data was registered in the patient’s medical chart. ≥ 10.000/L

Participating in This Clinical Trial

Inclusion Criteria

Inclusion criteria for GDM group was pregnant women with diagnosis of GDM based on glucose determination described in a previous study (19) and under medical treatment of an endocrinologist and the presence of at least one tooth per sextant. Inclusion criteria for control group were absence of periodontal disease, mean age similar to test group and presence of at least one tooth per sextant. Exclusion Criteria:

  • The exclusion criteria for GDM group were pregnant women without diagnosis of diabetes, age below 18 years or higher than 42 years, and the presence of other systemic diseases. – In control group, women were excluded if they were pregnant, had diabetes or other systemic disease and age below 18 years or higher than 42 years.

Gender Eligibility: Female

Minimum Age: 18 Years

Maximum Age: 42 Years

Are Healthy Volunteers Accepted: Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Investigator Details

  • Lead Sponsor
    • University of Sao Paulo
  • Provider of Information About this Clinical Study
    • Principal Investigator: Carla Andreotti Damante, Associate professor – University of Sao Paulo
  • Overall Official(s)
    • Carla Damante, PhD, Principal Investigator, University of Sao Paulo

References

Xie Y, Xiong X, Elkind-Hirsch KE, Pridjian G, Maney P, Delarosa RL, Buekens P. Prepregnancy obesity and periodontitis among pregnant females with and without gestational diabetes mellitus. J Periodontol. 2014 Jul;85(7):890-8. doi: 10.1902/jop.2013.130502. Epub 2013 Dec 19.

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