Effect of Ketoconazole on Breathlessness

Overview

Beta-endorphins, which are naturally occurring narcotic substances, have been shown to alter the perception of breathlessness. Oral ketoconazole, an antifungal antibiotic, increases blood levels of beta-endorphins. The study hypothesis is that oral ketoconazole will reduce ratings of breathlessness induced by resistive breathing loads.

Full Title of Study: “The Effect of Ketoconazole on Breathlessness During Resistive Load Breathing in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease”

Study Type

  • Study Type: Interventional
  • Study Design
    • Allocation: Randomized
    • Intervention Model: Crossover Assignment
    • Primary Purpose: Treatment
    • Masking: Quadruple (Participant, Care Provider, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)
  • Study Primary Completion Date: February 2012

Detailed Description

Beta-endorphins are naturally occurring narcotic substances (like morphine) that are released by the brain under stressful conditions, such as exercise and when breathing through a resistive load (a tube containing fine wire mesh). In one study of 8 patients with coronary artery disease, ketoconazole, an oral medication used to treat fungal infections, was administered (1,200 mg at 12 midnight and 600 mg at 6 am) and increased blood levels of beta-endorphins five fold. In a recent study performed at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, we found that ketoconazole increased blood levels of beta-endorphins in all eight patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Mean values increased by 2.5 times at four hours compared with baseline values (p = 0.0078). Based on this significant response, we propose to study the effect of ketoconazole on patients' perception of breathlessness induced by resistive breathing loads in a randomized clinical trial. The hypothesis of the study is that ketoconazole will reduce ratings of breathlessness as mediated by the increased levels of beta-endorphins.

Interventions

  • Drug: ketoconazole
    • 600 mg capsule oral once
  • Drug: inert powder
    • oral once

Arms, Groups and Cohorts

  • Experimental: ketoconazole
    • 600 mg ketoconazole
  • Placebo Comparator: inert powder
    • inert powder in capsule

Clinical Trial Outcome Measures

Primary Measures

  • Unpleasantness of Breathlessness
    • Time Frame: At 1 minute intervals during Resistive Load Breathing at Period 1 (Day 3 or 4) and Period 2 (Day 5, 6 or 7)
    • The average of all ratings for the unpleasantness of breathlessness at equivalent times for each subject during Resistive Load Breathing (RLB). For example, if 1 subject provided 6 ratings during 6 minutes of RLB with Ketoconazole and 10 ratings during 10 minutes of RLB with inert powder, then ratings for unpleasantness through 6 minutes were used for analysis for that patient. This approach was used for all subjects to yield a total of 252 ratings for Ketoconazole and for inert powder. Subject rating of intensity of unpleasantness was obtained during RLB on a 100 mm Visual Analog Scale anchored at the bottom by “No Unpleasantness” and at the top by “Greatest Unpleasantness”.
  • Intensity of Breathlessness
    • Time Frame: At 1 minute intervals during Resistive Load Breathing at Period 1 (Day 3 or 4) and Period 2 (Day 5, 6 or 7)
    • The average of all ratings for the intensity of breathlessness at equivalent times for each subject during Resistive Load Breathing (RLB). For example, if 1 subject provided 6 ratings during 6 minutes of RLB with Ketoconazole and 10 ratings during 10 minutes of RLB with inert powder, then ratings for intensity through 6 minutes were used for analysis for that patient. This approach was used for all subjects to yield a total of 252 ratings for Ketoconazole and for inert powder. Subject rating of intensity of breathlessness was obtained at 1 minute intervals during RLB on a 100 mm Visual Analog Scale anchored at the bottom by “No Intensity” and at the top by “Greatest Intensity”.

Secondary Measures

  • Change in Level of B-endorphin Immunoreactivity
    • Time Frame: At the end of resistance load breathing (4.5 hours after receiving the test article)
    • Change between pre-treatment and post treatment serum levels of beta-endorphin immunoreactivity measured in pmol/L

Participating in This Clinical Trial

Inclusion Criteria

  • 50 years of age or older; – diagnosis of COPD; – current or former smoker of at least 10 pack-years; – post-bronchodilator FEV1 greater than or equal to 30% predicted and less than or equal to 80% predicted; post-bronchodilator ratio < 70% Exclusion Criteria:

  • any concomitant disease that might interfere with study procedures; – use of a drug that may cause a possible drug interaction with ketoconazole

Gender Eligibility: All

Minimum Age: 50 Years

Maximum Age: N/A

Are Healthy Volunteers Accepted: No

Investigator Details

  • Lead Sponsor
    • Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center
  • Provider of Information About this Clinical Study
    • Sponsor
  • Overall Official(s)
    • Donald A Mahler, MD, Principal Investigator, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center

References

Gifford AH, Mahler DA, Waterman LA, Ward J, Kraemer WJ, Kupchak BR, Baird JC. Neuromodulatory effect of endogenous opioids on the intensity and unpleasantness of breathlessness during resistive load breathing in COPD. COPD. 2011 Jun;8(3):160-6. doi: 10.3109/15412555.2011.560132. Epub 2011 Apr 22.

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